Essay about Ben Jerrys Motivational Profile - 1884 Words

Ben Jerrys Motivational Profile I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream! That phrase has been used by generations of children who delight in eating the sweet frozen dessert that began as water ice in the Roman Empire. Ice cream (originally iced cream) spread to France and England, reaching America early in the 18th century. Soft ice cream was introduced in the 20th century; however, the older, thicker ice creams experienced resurgence. Ben and Jerry’s and Haagen-Dazs fall into this category (Cobb, 1985; Arbuckle, 1986). The friendship of Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield,†¦show more content†¦The product mission is to make, distribute, and sell the finest quality, all natural ice cream with a continued commitment to incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients and promoting business practices that respect the Earth and the Environment. The Economic mission states to operate the company on a sustainable financial profit growth, increasing value for the stakeholders and increasing opportunities for development and career growth for the employees. The social mission is to operate the company in a way that recognizes the role that business plays in society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life locally, nationally, and internationally. It is the central belief that all three parts must thrive equally in a manner that commands deep respect for individuals in and outside of the company and supports the communities of which they are a part. (Retrieved on August 1, 2005 from www.benjerry.com) Although Ben Jerry’s was purchased by Unilever, the change in ownership does not signal a change in the mission. Unilever supports the guiding principles that have been fundamental to our busin ess from the beginning. Under the agreement with Unilever, Ben Jerrys will operate to a large extent independently. The people who work at Ben Jerry’s are passionate about the company and its uniqueShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesavailable to handle the jobs. After this assessment, employment planning matches the supplies and demands for labor, and supports the people component. Assessing Current Human Resources Assessing current human resources begins by developing a profile of the organization’s current employees. This internal analysis includes information about the workers and the skills they currently possess. In an era of sophisticated human resource information systems software (HRIS), it is not too difficult forRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesV. and Grey, C. (2000) ‘At the critical moment: conditions and prospects for critical management studies’, Human Relations 53(1):7–32. Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Giddens, A. (1982) Profiles and Critiques of Social Theory, London: McMillan Press. Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity. Giddens, A. (1993) New Rules of Sociological Method, 2nd edn, New York: Basic Books. Gill, J. and Johnson, D. (2002) ResearchRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesdo before a decision is reac hed on what it should do. Internal strengths and weaknesses must be identified in light of the philosophy and culture of the organization. Factors such as current workforce skills, retirement patterns, and demographic profiles of current employees are items that relate to human resource capabilities. Next comes forecasting organizational capabilities and future opportunities in the environment to match organizational objectives and strategies. The development of strategies

Rights and Freedoms - 766 Words

POS – 301 January 15, 2013 Mr. Elliott Rights and Freedoms What would it be like if we as American citizens did not have any rights or freedoms? Thankfully we will never have to worry about thanks in regards to our founding fathers and the Bill of Rights. In this essay I will discuss which freedom in the First Amendment to the Constitution is most relevant to me personally. I will also analyze and discuss the significance of the Bill of Rights and subsequent notable amendments to the U.S. democracy. Finally, I will discuss the process for amending the Constitution and give my opinion on whether it is a â€Å"fair† process or not. The First Amendment The freedom guaranteed to me in the First Amendment to the Constitution that is most†¦show more content†¦I believe that the process for amending the Constitution is as fair as it can possible be. Congress is put in place by â€Å"we† the people so any amendment that they propose would seem to be what is in the best interest of the people. I think that it is good that the proposed amendment has to be issued to each state for ratification. What is good for one state is not necessarily good for all the states. Each state gets a chance to approve or deny the proposal and the majority wins, so to speak. If enough states vote to amendment a part of the Constitution I think that it is probably in the best interest of everyShow MoreRelatedCharter Of Rights And Freedoms1345 Words   |  6 Pages Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian constitution is the foundation that forms and brings together our nation government and its legal system. You can also consider the constitution as a rulebook. It contains rules and regulations that political parties must follow in order to adopt, amend, or revoke a law. The constitution has three main sources. In 1867 the British North American Act passed, which was the first source of the constitution. A change was made to the BNA act and was patriatedRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe Charter of Rights and Freedoms has significantly enhanced the power of the judiciary in Canada. Within the Supreme Court of Canada judges have been given the judiciary power and this amount of power is not excessive. Again, in the Supreme Court of Canada judges are federally appointed. Most of these appointments are made by the minister of Justice after Cabinet consultation and approval. In some other cases, appointments are made by the Prime Minist er. Judges are public officers chosen to ruleRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Charter of Rights and Freedoms was constructed to replace the Bill of Rights, 1960. In the 1960’s-1970’s Quebec was extremely discontent with being apart of Canada due to the language barer and being a minority. Many citizens in Quebec even wanted to separate themselves from Canada and form their own nation. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau decided that the new charter in order to ensure the rights of people residing in Quebec. In order to do this Trudeau had to create an amending formula for theRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Charter of Rights and Freedoms entrenched under the CA 1982 act in the Canadian constitution is seen as a decisive indicator of national identity by the majority of Canadians. The charter’s role in Canadian society ranges from providing individuals with intrinsic human rights such as free dom of expression, freedom of belief and acts particularly as a concrete limit on ‘tyranny of the majority’, advocating and enforcing basic rights of individuals and minorities. It is however worthy to note thatRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedom2222 Words   |  9 PagesCharter of Rights Freedoms a mistake? It is believed that the Charter s creation was a significant benefit as it guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of government. However, many believe the Charter makes Canada more like the United States, especially by serving corporate rights and individual rights rather than group rights and social rights. Also, there are several rights that shouldRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution and it was added to the Constitution in 1982. The Constitution has ma ny laws about the essential guidelines one must follow in our country. It also governs how the government/ organizations should treat their citizens. The Charter allows the citizens and newcomers to feel like they are appreciated and also safe. However, there are situations where the Charter cannot protect you. The Charter can be stretched and can be looked at from differentRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1596 Words   |  7 PagesPrime Minister Pierre Trudeau was establishing the renowned Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Since the three decades of being established, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has protected the individual rights and freedoms of thousands of Canadians. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms has become a part of the national identity and has become a big patriotic symbol for the country. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the document the truly separates Canada from all the other powerful nations and isRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1934 Words   |  8 PagesThe Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of Canada’s written constitution called the Constitution Act in 1982 it was the second main aspect of the Act and it guaranteed fundamental, democratic, legal, egalitarian, and linguistic rights and freedoms against government intrusion, it imposed formal new limitations on the governments in interaction with its citizens. The charter has made society more equitable for visible minorities through its use of its Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and Section 15Read MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms2537 Words   |  11 PagesThis essay will argue the reasons behind the notwithstanding clause remaining within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In this paper, I will provide reasons as to why the clause should be kept within the Charter beginning with the arguments that it is an essential element in critical policy decisions being made by politicians and it s hard to remove which requires the amending f ormula to be used if changes are to be made. On the other side, its use in policy can create grave and problematicRead MoreThe Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1363 Words   |  6 Pages The phenomenon of entrenching the Charter of Rights and Freedoms is not new to Canadian citizens, but it is a notion that is perceived in several ways. Many view it as a feature that disregards the fundamental right to democracy, an integral part of Canada’s political system. A functioning democracy is an important factor in providing citizens with the utmost rights and freedoms deserved. Society’s full potential is not being achieved if there are individuals who believe their principle of democracy

Banking Concept Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Banking Concept Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; A Scholarship Boy # 8221 ; was a new term I learned when I read # 8220 ; The Achievement of Desire # 8221 ; by Richard Rodriguez. I am still fascinated by the thrust that was created in Richard Rodriguez to actuate him to educate himself. I feel that his compulsion with his instruction which leads to an imbalanced life of excessively much school work at the cost of household life creates an illusional felicity. This is seen when Rodriguez writes # 8220 ; A primary ground for my success in the schoolroom was that I couldn # 8217 ; t bury that schooling was altering me and dividing me from the life I enjoyed before going a student. # 8221 ; This # 8220 ; imbalance # 8221 ; leads the male child to go ashamed and stray towards his household. When in school immature kids can frequently be really waxy to what is taught to them. When Rodriguez # 8217 ; s instructors tried to acquire the kids to read, Rodriguez seemed to take it excessively far. We will write a custom essay sample on Banking Concept Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His erudite properties of reading from his instructors shortly became non merely an intensive acquisition experience for him but an compulsion every bit good. This compulsion was that of one toward his books. He treated with such attention and pride partially because his instructors told him to. A mark that read # 8220 ; OPEN THE DOORS OF YOUR MIND WITH BOOKS, # 8221 ; seems to be a really waxy mark to immature kids. Another mark wrote # 8220 ; CONSIDER BOOKS YOUR BEST FRIEND. # 8221 ; As he kept reading and acquiring aid from his instructors he says # 8220 ; Didn # 8217 ; t I realize that reading would open up whole new universes? # 8221 ; In the 4th rate his reading was extended and he wanted to acquire his custodies on any book he could. # 8220 ; At the library I would literally tremble as I came upon whole shelves of books I hadn # 8217 ; t read. # 8221 ; This merely shows how much love he had for his books and shortly this would look to impact his household and societ al life every bit good. For immature Richard to go successful he must give full attending to his instruction and nil else. In order to make this he must divide from everything. In the 4th paragraph of his essay, Rodriquez admits that he started to go irritated with the fact that his parents were non # 8220 ; educated # 8221 ; plenty to assist him w ith his prep. â€Å"I was curiously irritated when I was unable to acquire parental aid with a prep assignment.† This seems to be merely the beginning of the isolation from them. When he writes about himself â€Å"outgrowing† this kind of behaviour he besides adds in that he became studious and that â€Å"Ambition set me apart.† When his male parent found him reading in the cupboard by himself or when his siblings saw him fighting to convey place all of his many library books, or even when he could non be found the household made a gag about him and would state that he â€Å"must be concealing under my bed with a book.† Between his parents deficiency of instruction and his family’s â€Å"humor† it doesn’t seem difficult to understand why he wanted to distance himself. As immature Richard broke away from his parents and concentrated on his schooling, it seemed like he non merely wanted the cognition that his instructors gave him but he besides wanted to be them every bit good. As explained before Rodriguez is embarrassed with his parents deficiency of instruction and even writes that he # 8220 ; permits himself embarrassment, # 8221 ; because of this. Without the educational counsel and control that his parents can non give the merely where to look for this is his instructors. He can non associate or depend on his household members and hence can non do an # 8220 ; commitment # 8221 ; with them. This sort of commitment is # 8220 ; The sort of commitment the immature pupil might hold given his female parent and male parent merely yearss before, he transfers to the instructor, the new figure of authority. # 8221 ; As this bond grows between them Rodriguez even wants to be like those who taught him best. He admits # 8220 ; I came to idolise my g rammar school instructors. I began by copying their speech patterns, utilizing their enunciation, swearing their every direction. # 8221 ; This wanting to go like his instructors seems to be the consequence merely rooting from his parents deficiency of instruction. Richard Rodriguez was a immature waxy Mexican male child who # 8217 ; s embarrassment from his parents deficiency of instruction drove him off from them and towards his instruction. His illusional felicity was portrayed merely when he was reading or at school. This imbalanced life leads him into a

Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Example

Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Ram Manohar Lohia, (born March 23, 1910, Akbarpur, India—died October 12, 1967, New Delhi), Indian politician and activist who was a prominent figure in socialist politics and in the movement toward Indian independence. Much of his career was devoted to combating injustice through the development of a distinctly Indian version of socialism. Lohia was born to a family of merchants. Following the death of his mother when he was two, he was raised primarily by his grandparents, although his father’s commitment to Indian nationalism influenced him during his childhood. Lohia attended Banaras Hindu University before earning a bachelor’s degree (1929) from the University of Calcutta and a doctorate (1932) from the University of Berlin, where he studied economics and politics. In 1934 Lohia became actively involved in the Congress Socialist Party (CSP), founded that year as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress; he served on the CSP executive committee and edited its weekly journal. A vehement opponent of Indian participation on the side of Great Britain in World War II, he was arrested for anti-British remarks in 1939 and again in 1940; the latter incident resulted in an 18-month imprisonment. With the emergence in 1942 of the Quit India movement—a campaign initiated by Mohandas K. Gandhi to urge the withdrawal of British authorities from India—Lohia and other CSP leaders (such as Jaya Prakash Narayan) mobilized support from the underground. For such resistance activities, he was jailed again in 1944–46. We will write a custom essay sample on Ram Manohar Lohia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ram Manohar Lohia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ram Manohar Lohia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During and after India’s transition to independence in 1947, Lohia continued to play an active role in its politics. At loggerheads with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on several issues, however, Lohia and other CSP members left the Congress in 1948. He became a member of the Praja Socialist Party upon its formation in 1952 and served as general secretary for a brief period, but internecine conflicts led to his resignation in 1955. Later that year Lohia established a new Socialist Party, for which he became chairman as well as the editor of its journal, Mankind. A spellbinding orator and a passionate and perceptive writer, he advocated for various sociopolitical reforms in his capacity as party leader, including the abolition of the caste system, the adoption of Hindi as India’s national language, and stronger protection of civil liberties. In 1963 Lohia was elected to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of parliament), where he was noted for his sharp criticism of government policies. Although his parliamentary influence was ultimately limited, his progressive views, which he expressed in numerous publications, proved inspirational to many Indians.

How Fraud Impacts an AIS essays

How Fraud Impacts an AIS essays a. E-commerce sites and their security is there any impact of the cost of their security on the prices they charge? As more and more consumers make purchases online, e-commerce continues to grow. With this growth comes an increased prevalence of threats to e-commerce sites. As such, security is a significant issue for organizations that operate an e-commerce site, specifically security protecting the site's online payment system. Some of these attacks have utilized vulnerabilities that have been published in reusable third-party components utilized by websites, such as shopping cart software. Other attacks have used vulnerabilities that are common in any web application, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting (Mookhey, 2004). For this reason, security must be built into the web application, beginning with the design phase. This added focus on creating secure and impenetrable e-commerce sites requires significant additional costs during the site's development phase. These additional costs must be figured into start up costs and offset by increased pricing to the consumer. In addition, as threats are continually developed to work around security measures, e-commerce owners must continue to revamp their site to address these new threats. This continued development adds additional costs to site maintenance, which is then passed onto the consumer as increases to pricing. b. Impact of automatic reordering of inventory/monitoring inventory levels - Inventory shortages/shrinkage for a company who uses self-checkouts, has large inventory, etc. Fraudulent activity can also negatively affect automatic reordering of inventory. One of the more recent innovations is the use of self-checkout. Self-checkout involves consumers scanning and paying for their items, without the assistance of a cashier. Primary challenges to inventory and monitoring of inventory levels, occur when items are either acci...

44 Funny Car Bumper Stickers About Work That Will Make You Laugh

44 Funny Car Bumper Stickers About Work That Will Make You Laugh If you need to take a break from the daily grind of life, kick back, grab a beer, and check out these 44 bumper sticks that clearly summarize how many people are feeling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Source: [JobMob]

Employment law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employment law - Assignment Example Sam was hired as an employee and Arnie was hired as an independent contractor. They both work in the same BRC office under the same supervisor. They both work Monday through Friday during standard business hours. Both are required to report weekly staff meetings. Sam is paid a salary and proper federal and state tax withholdings are made. Arnie does not receive benefits like retirement and health insurance and he is paid by the project with no federal and state withholdings. Arnie signed a contract that clearly stated that he was an independent contractor and not an employee. Answer: the employer has acted to fill a particular position, when the individual has followed the employer’s standard procedures for submitting applications, and when the individual has indicated an interest in the particular position. 8. Under the inevitable disclosure theory, a court may prohibit an employee from working for a former employer’s competitor, if the employer can show that there is imminent threat that a trade secret will be shared and the employee has intent to disclose the secret, and the trade secret would give the former employer’s competitor a significant advantage in the market. 1. Colton Manufacturing shuts down 3 manufacturing facilities without prior notice to its 3000 employees. Colton has graciously offered to provide outsourcing assistance to its displaced employees and informed them of their rights to continue to receive health insurance coverage through COBRA for eighteen months. Colton has to further liability to its former employees. 3. An employer can successfully defend a charge of disparate treatment discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act offering a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the action taken regarding the charging party. 5. Davis Hosiery Mills has each new employee sign a form acknowledging receipt of the company’s handbook. The handbook states that employees will be terminated for good cause

XML as a programming tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

XML as a programming tool - Essay Example Deriving an electronic representation of the paper documents would allow users to view them on a computer screen, take their printouts or store them in the database; however, to achieve this objective, standard forms for different document types and accompanying style sheets would be required. At present, still most of the exchange of information in the health care industry is carried out through printed documents that convey the information in two ways: the content of the document that contains the words, pictures and other information, and the format of the content that provides visual clues for font, font size and location (Sokolowski & Dudeck, 1999). Recently, XML (eXtensible Markup Language), a subset of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), has gained widespread popularity in the health care industry because it provides a mechanism to encode healthcare documents and their types into electronic form, and therefore, has led to the development of implementation recommendations in the form of a set of standard DTDs to standardize and match the electronic document requirements in the health care industry (Sokolowski & Dudeck, 1999). DTDs (Data Type Definitions) are crucial for health care informatics as they provide a facility for standardizing formats with style sheets, provide a document information model, provide context for narrative text, and allow for agreement on high-level structures. They describe the structure of the document, the names of the allowable elements, the content of each element type, the structure of the document including the order in which the elements must appear (Sokolowski & Dudeck, 1999). The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is designed to provide an XML framework for developing product documentation and has seen rapid adoption and implementation as compared to other approaches for purpose of

The Russian Civil War Essay Example for Free

The Russian Civil War Essay The Russian Civil War remains one of the more brutal wars in Russia’s history. Considering the brutal combat that the Russian army faced in the horrid conditions of World War One and World War Two, to refer to the Russian Civil War as a more brutal endeavor is a grand claim; however, when one considers the cost of lives and the tearing apart of the homeland, it is not a stretch to lay that claim on the shoulders of the Civil War. What complicates the Bolshevik involvement in the Russian Civil War is the fact that the Bolsheviks prescribed to a state central authoritarian system of government. In other words, the Bolsheviks believed that the state was the center of all authority and that it should be comprised of one political party. In short, the Bolsheviks were fighting for totalitarianism. Needless to say, this does not paint a picture of a faction that had universal appeal among the public. In order to centralize any problems with competing political factions, the Bolsheviks outlawed other political parties. Such an action shows that there was possible belief that perhaps the Bolsheviks ability to maintain popularity in the hearts and minds of the population was on shaky ground. By firmly establishing an authoritarian rule, the Bolsheviks were ‘surviving’ as opposed to winning both on the battlefield and in the court of public opinion. Therein lays the central problem: if the Bolsheviks were to win the Civil War, they would need to defeat the huge volume of people in the nation who were greatly opposed to the system of government that the Bolsheviks represented. In winning, the defeated factions would have to be integrated into the Russian society and, in some cases, subjugated. Is this really a win or is it the case of the Bolsheviks using military force to impose their rule on a society that did not want them. To a certain degree, the Bolshevik victory was a matter of the party surviving (it would have been dissolved in the face of a loss in the same manner the opposition parties were dissolved by the Bolsheviks) and the ability to rule was performed by subjugating all opposition and suppressing any pretext of freedom or democratic socialism. (Keep in mind, socialism could have been instituted without totalitarian authoritarianism, but the militaristic approach was the one preferred by the Bolsheviks) When examining the Soviet Union and its place in history, one needs to ask the question as to what was the Soviet Union’s legacy. To a great extent, the Soviet Union was a colossal failure that squandered the minds and the will of a great people. The Soviet Union was little more than a military-industrial complex that invaded, conquered and occupied nations that despised being under the Soviet sphere of influence. Furthermore, the concept of the utopian socialist fantasyland was exactly that, a grim fairy tale fantasy where over sixty-million people living in nations that prescribed to the philosophy of communism died from famine. When it comes to the Bolshevik’s success in the Russian Civil war, what was it that the Bolshevik’s accomplished other than the establishment of a failed military-industrial complex state? To that degree, winning the Russian Civil War was hardly a win in the sense of, say, a former colony winning independence. Ultimately, the survival of the Bolsheviks after the Russian Civil war is hardly celebratory as the eventual establishment of the Stalin regime and the advent of the long and hard Cold War hangs a dark cloud over any perceived victory the Bolsheviks could claim.

Free Essays - The Message of Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Message of Homer's Iliad          In Homer's Iliad, Homer shows his views on heroes, villains, and war. He shows that heroes have great qualities to them and that villains have evil qualities to them. He also shows that even heroes have villainous qualities. Homer also tries to convey that all warriors have a choice between a life of war and a life of peace.    Homer's view of a hero displays bravery, martial skills, and even friendship. Hector is portrayed as the perfect hero in The Iliad. He displays amazing martial skills by being one of the Trojans' top warriors. Hector also shows that he loves his family, he's seen as a man who can be a great warrior and a loving father. He's very devoted to his wife and loves his children. In one scene in the poem, his son was scared of him because of his great helmet. Hector, seeing this, soon removed his helmet and let his son comes to him. This shows that even though he still fights in a war, he still has time to care for his family. Odysseus is another hero who is unwavering in his devotion to his people. Throughout the epic, he shows that he will never betray his people; he even does a marvelous job in rallying up his troops. Priam was also portrayed as a hero. He was a leader who always cared for his men. He even cared about his son Paris who was basically the reason why the war had begun. Even the unnamed warriors were heroes. They gave away 10 years of their life to fight for their leaders.    Homer's view of a villain is petty, selfish, and disloyal. Achilles is shown as an extreme villain in The Iliad. In almost three quarters of the epic, he stays home and just continues to argue with Agamemnon. He may display incredible martial skills on the battlefield, but he still will not fight in the war. He's petty because he's not fighting in his country's war just because he is in a small argument. It also shows that he is disloyal because he is not serving his leader by not fighting in the war.

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour

Word count – 2553 Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 1 of 9 Introduction This essay aims to describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self defeating behaviour. To do this I am using the description of Anorexia Nervosa as a self defeating behaviour, one which has far reaching consequences.I will include possible origins, causes and maintenance of Anorexia and describe two of many ways in which a therapist may help with this condition whilst weighing up the strengths and weaknesses of each. Main essay What is self defeating behaviour? Self defeating behaviour could be described as behaviour that when compared to other possible courses of action, it is never the best possible action for that individual. A self defeating behaviour will at some point have been used successfully as a coping strategy to get thro ugh a difficult situation.This course of action is then stored in the subconscious by that individual as something that ‘worked’ and therefore the behaviour will be re-produced again in times of perceived trouble. The self defeating behaviour will by its very nature actually serve to ensure that the fear or consequence that the person is trying to avoid will in fact come to pass. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is an eating disorder whose main feature is excessive weight loss and obsessive exercise.A very low weight is achieved which is then maintained abnormally low for the patients age and height. The sufferer develops an intense desire to be thinner and an intense fear of becoming fat. Their body image becomes completely distorted and their body weight and shape become the main or even sole measure of self worth as maintaining an extremely low weight becomes equated with beauty, success, self-esteem, and self-control. It is not seen as a problem by the sufferer. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 2 of 9Contrary to popular belief this psychological and physical condition is not usually about food. It is a self defeating behaviour used as a way of taking control and trying to make life better and is accompanied by a variety of changes in behaviour, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. The name Anorexia nervosa is somewhat misleading as it literally means â€Å"nervous loss of appetite. † However, for people with this disorder all waking thoughts are dominated by food, weight, and body image and incredible levels of self control are used to fight feelings of intense hunger. http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most often teenage girls. Higher incidence of anorexia is often seen in environments where thinness is deemed to be especially desirable or a professional requirement, such as athletes, models, dancers, and actors. In order to enter the state of Anorexia Nervosa, a person must lose weight. The majority set out to do so deliberately because rightly or wrongly they feel that they are too fat.For most people, dieting to lose weight is a struggle. Most dieters ‘cheat' or give up before they lose all the weight which they had intended to shed and for those who do reach their intended weight there is a measure of satisfaction and re-education of eating habits which allow them to maintain a healthy weight. In contrast, the soon to be anorexic finds slimming easy, rewarding and something they can be good at from the start, something they can control which brings feelings of success, power and triumph.The sense of satisfaction gained from the suppression of hunger and the level of self denial required to be successful is frequently reported by anorexic sufferers to be very empowering and so here we see how effective this behaviour may be viewed by the su fferer as a coping strategy. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My own experience of this condition was one that arose when my best friend died at the age of 17. I knew for many months prior to her death that death would almost certainly be the outcome of her condition. I felt ‘out of control’ there was nothing I could do to change the course of events.The one thing I could control however was what went into my mouth. This gave me a comforting sense of taking control of something. Something I turned out to be good at, something I could focus on to make all the other uncontrollable feelings subside. Once these feelings arise, a fear of losing control prevents the sufferer from resuming normal eating habits. Their experience is dominated by these ‘feel good feelings' of control and power but it is perceived by the sufferer to be precarious and vulnerable and therefore threatened by any behaviour that may cause unwante d weight gain.The sufferers preoccupation with maintaining this new postition begins to distort all other interests, concerns and relationships. In some cases the current position is never enough and weight loss progresses until it becomes life threatening. In most cases it seems that the anorexic starts out with similar behaviour and similar intention to the ordinary slimmer but something goes wrong and the slimming behaviour is inappropriately prolonged (My own experience). Ironically, while Anorexia starts out as a feeling of taking control, it rapidly descends into a fear of losing the control the sufferer perceives themselves to have taken.All the while the condition is actually controlling the sufferer. While the media definitely plays a role in how we view ourselves, anorexia is a way of coping with what’s going on in a teen’s life. Stress, pain, anger, acceptance, confusion and fear can all become triggers for this debilitating eating disorder. The goal is one of trying to make their whole life better. Families can play a huge role. Some families are over protective and smothering which can create a need or rather a demand for independence. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9Some families are critical of weight gain, academic or sporting accomplishments or are rigid and even abusive. Some younger people do not feel safe in their own homes, they don’t know where to turn or what to do and the need to find a way to deal with what’s going on in their lives. Life transitions such as a break up, a divorce, death of a loved one, failure at school or at work are all stressful incidents that need to be dealt with. Genetic factors can also play its part in contributing – anorexia in teenage girls occurs eight times more often in people who have relatives with the disorder. Anorexia – a guide to sufferers and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was grossly overwe ight at the time of my condition and I viewed her as someone who was completely out of control with no respect for herself. This was a very negative view, one which I could not see in myself at the other end of the spectrum! Effects on families and friends For parents and others who are close to a person who is trapped inside the condition of anorexia, there can seem like there is no escape. It is difficult for them to understand and empathise with self destructive behaviours.It becomes extrememly distressing to see a loved one wasting away whilst refusing offers of food which seem such a tantalisingly simple solution to the problem. Feelings of helplesness and guilt set in, along with frustration, anger and despair. (Quote from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about criticising my ‘ridiculous behaviour’ in a bid to scare me into eating this only served to make me more determined to empower myself with what had turned from self defeating behaviour into self destructive behaviour and ultimately formed a self defeating behaviour in my Mother. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9Treatment The idea of being ‘cured’ of Anorexia by the sufferer is usually completely undesirable because what that ‘cure’ implies is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are trying to avoid! Therefore, Anorexia has to be acknowledged as a problem by the sufferer before effective treatment can take place. Traditionaly the disorder is treated with a combination of individual psychotherapy and family therapy to look beyond the basic issue of food intake and address the emotional issues that underpin the disorder using a psychodynamic approach. Important ethical considerationsIt is important for therapists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, although starts out as a self defeating behaviour, it’s consequences lead to many serious medical conditions which can range from malnutrition, loss of concentration and loss of periods to total organ failure and death. Therefore a therapist should never aim to treat the condition alone, but any psychological intervention to treat the underlying causes should take place alongside appropriate medical care. Any therapists working with an anorexic client would always need written medical consent and specialist supervision and should be experienced in this field of work.However, members of the sufferers family and close friends may also benefit from therapy to address any stress, anxiety and guilt surrounding the issue and in the absence of any other contraindications, medical consent for this group would not be necessary. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will view the clients behaviour as being derived from some internal conflict, motive or unconscious force. Once it is discovered where this conflict began the therapist can set about working through those issues to a resolutio n. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 6 of 9Generally, it is believed that if behaviours are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then a relapse will occur. During my battle with Anorexia, I was hospitalised and fed to increase my body weight. I ate willingly and was quickly considered cured and discharged from the hospital. However, I had deliberately manipulated the situation with the view that the sooner I could ‘escape’ the quicker I could get back on with the job. Taking control, to bring back the feel good feelings and the sense of empowerment that meant even more to me after having been ‘overpowered’ in the hospital.Clearly this treatment was very ineffective. Later I sought help through a therapist who, using a psychodynamic approach, was able to take me back through the death of my friend and deal with the grief in an appropriate way. This eventually helped me to let go of controlling my food intake as a way of dealing with these suppressed emotions. Behavioural symptoms in the psychodynamic approach are viewed as expressions of the patient's underlying needs. Often issues can disappear or lie dormant with the completion of working through these issues.However, a psychodynamic approach to anorexia is not all encompassing. During the recovery process, anorexics will frequently suffer from feelings of panic as they learn to lessen their control. As weight is gained, they will feel anxious much of the time and suffer from low self esteem or perhaps even feel that they are a ‘bad' person and have to become a ‘people pleaser' to make up for it. Anorexics are very often perfectionists and can be very harsh on themselves. All these things combined can make the process of recovery a very stressful, anxious and self deprecating experience (My own experience).A cognitive behavioural therapy approach may best meet the needs of a client feeling this way. Anorexics are often not fully aware of the initial cause of the condition and therapy may be a way to Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 7 of 9 lift the lid off of buried emotions to enable sufferers to deal with their underlying emotions. During the grip of the disorder the over-riding emotion felt is fear and this fear over rides the body's natural wisdom around food and eating, the sufferer distrusts themselves and fears that their ‘secret greedy self' may emerge and they will lose control completely.The sufferer will hate their ‘secret greedy self' and cognitive behavioural therapy would be a valuable tool in rebuilding self trust, improving self esteem, and overcoming fear and anxiety that arises through the process of recovery. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a time-limited and focused approach that helps a person understand how their thinking and negative self-talk and self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT usually focuses on identifying and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, attitudes and beliefs that may perpetuate the sufferers restrictive eating.A researcher in the early 1980’s by the name of Chris Fairburn developed a specific model of CBT to help in the treatment of Anorexia, using the traditional foundations of CBT therapy – helping a person understand, identify and change their irrational thoughts (the ‘cognitive’ part) and helping a person make the changes real through specific behavioural interventions such as promoting healthy eating behaviours through rewards. (http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Strengths and weaknessesIt is clear to see that both approaches are somewhat lacking and a multi-model approach should be taken to ensure success. The psychodynamic model will uncover the initial cause of the behaviour and addressing these issues will go a long way toward a successful outcome. However, it does not address the subsequent negative thought processes that keep the sufferer a prisoner within the condition. This is something that a CBT approach can successfully address but a CBT approach could fail to prevent a relapse if the underlying reasons for the negative self talk are not uncovered.Both treatments together will hold more strength in long term success, but neither seeks to address nutritional issues, food related symptoms or deep seated behavioural rituals of the eating disorder. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 8 of 9 Summary Anorexia although initially can be viewed as a self defeating behaviour, is a complicated and mulit-faceted field and I would expect a consistent and long course of therapy that may focus on a psychodynamic approach alongside person centred counselling, alongside cognitive behavioural therapy, alongside appropriate medical intervention.Hypnotherapy may also be used to improve sel f esteem, reduce stress and anxiety, coping with panic and confidence building to help the sufferer relax levels of control and resume a more healthy relationship with themselves. As the anorexic begins to regain trust in themselves and their body, they can begin to feel back in control of their emotions and thoughts, thus lessening their levels of anxiety and helping toward a successful recovery. Ultimately, the pace of therapy has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before any type of therapy can begin.References: I personally suffered from this disorder from the ages of 17-21 and some of the information used has been based on my own experiences and that of my Parents. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module 5) R. L Palmer – Anorexia Nervosa. A guide for sufferers and their families. Penguin Books 1980 (http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Jane Ovington  œ Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 9 of 9 any type of therapy can begin. has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Word count – 2553 Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 1 of 9 Introduction This essay aims to describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self defeating behaviour. To do this I am using the description of Anorexia Nervosa as a self defeating behaviour, one which has far reaching consequences.I will include possible origins, causes and maintenance of Anorexia and describe two of many ways in which a therapist may help with this condition whilst weighing up the strengths and weaknesses of each. Main essay What is self defeating behaviour? Self defeating behaviour could be described as behaviour that when compared to other possible courses of action, it is never the best possible action for that individual. A self defeating behaviour will at some point have been used successfully as a coping strategy to get thro ugh a difficult situation.This course of action is then stored in the subconscious by that individual as something that ‘worked’ and therefore the behaviour will be re-produced again in times of perceived trouble. The self defeating behaviour will by its very nature actually serve to ensure that the fear or consequence that the person is trying to avoid will in fact come to pass. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is an eating disorder whose main feature is excessive weight loss and obsessive exercise.A very low weight is achieved which is then maintained abnormally low for the patients age and height. The sufferer develops an intense desire to be thinner and an intense fear of becoming fat. Their body image becomes completely distorted and their body weight and shape become the main or even sole measure of self worth as maintaining an extremely low weight becomes equated with beauty, success, self-esteem, and self-control. It is not seen as a problem by the sufferer. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 2 of 9Contrary to popular belief this psychological and physical condition is not usually about food. It is a self defeating behaviour used as a way of taking control and trying to make life better and is accompanied by a variety of changes in behaviour, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. The name Anorexia nervosa is somewhat misleading as it literally means â€Å"nervous loss of appetite. † However, for people with this disorder all waking thoughts are dominated by food, weight, and body image and incredible levels of self control are used to fight feelings of intense hunger. http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most often teenage girls. Higher incidence of anorexia is often seen in environments where thinness is deemed to be especially desirable or a professional requirement, such as athletes, models, dancers, and actors. In order to enter the state of Anorexia Nervosa, a person must lose weight. The majority set out to do so deliberately because rightly or wrongly they feel that they are too fat.For most people, dieting to lose weight is a struggle. Most dieters ‘cheat' or give up before they lose all the weight which they had intended to shed and for those who do reach their intended weight there is a measure of satisfaction and re-education of eating habits which allow them to maintain a healthy weight. In contrast, the soon to be anorexic finds slimming easy, rewarding and something they can be good at from the start, something they can control which brings feelings of success, power and triumph.The sense of satisfaction gained from the suppression of hunger and the level of self denial required to be successful is frequently reported by anorexic sufferers to be very empowering and so here we see how effective this behaviour may be viewed by the su fferer as a coping strategy. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My own experience of this condition was one that arose when my best friend died at the age of 17. I knew for many months prior to her death that death would almost certainly be the outcome of her condition. I felt ‘out of control’ there was nothing I could do to change the course of events.The one thing I could control however was what went into my mouth. This gave me a comforting sense of taking control of something. Something I turned out to be good at, something I could focus on to make all the other uncontrollable feelings subside. Once these feelings arise, a fear of losing control prevents the sufferer from resuming normal eating habits. Their experience is dominated by these ‘feel good feelings' of control and power but it is perceived by the sufferer to be precarious and vulnerable and therefore threatened by any behaviour that may cause unwante d weight gain.The sufferers preoccupation with maintaining this new postition begins to distort all other interests, concerns and relationships. In some cases the current position is never enough and weight loss progresses until it becomes life threatening. In most cases it seems that the anorexic starts out with similar behaviour and similar intention to the ordinary slimmer but something goes wrong and the slimming behaviour is inappropriately prolonged (My own experience). Ironically, while Anorexia starts out as a feeling of taking control, it rapidly descends into a fear of losing the control the sufferer perceives themselves to have taken.All the while the condition is actually controlling the sufferer. While the media definitely plays a role in how we view ourselves, anorexia is a way of coping with what’s going on in a teen’s life. Stress, pain, anger, acceptance, confusion and fear can all become triggers for this debilitating eating disorder. The goal is one of trying to make their whole life better. Families can play a huge role. Some families are over protective and smothering which can create a need or rather a demand for independence. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9Some families are critical of weight gain, academic or sporting accomplishments or are rigid and even abusive. Some younger people do not feel safe in their own homes, they don’t know where to turn or what to do and the need to find a way to deal with what’s going on in their lives. Life transitions such as a break up, a divorce, death of a loved one, failure at school or at work are all stressful incidents that need to be dealt with. Genetic factors can also play its part in contributing – anorexia in teenage girls occurs eight times more often in people who have relatives with the disorder. Anorexia – a guide to sufferers and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was grossly overwe ight at the time of my condition and I viewed her as someone who was completely out of control with no respect for herself. This was a very negative view, one which I could not see in myself at the other end of the spectrum! Effects on families and friends For parents and others who are close to a person who is trapped inside the condition of anorexia, there can seem like there is no escape. It is difficult for them to understand and empathise with self destructive behaviours.It becomes extrememly distressing to see a loved one wasting away whilst refusing offers of food which seem such a tantalisingly simple solution to the problem. Feelings of helplesness and guilt set in, along with frustration, anger and despair. (Quote from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about criticising my ‘ridiculous behaviour’ in a bid to scare me into eating this only served to make me more determined to empower myself with what had turned from self defeating behaviour into self destructive behaviour and ultimately formed a self defeating behaviour in my Mother. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9Treatment The idea of being ‘cured’ of Anorexia by the sufferer is usually completely undesirable because what that ‘cure’ implies is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are trying to avoid! Therefore, Anorexia has to be acknowledged as a problem by the sufferer before effective treatment can take place. Traditionaly the disorder is treated with a combination of individual psychotherapy and family therapy to look beyond the basic issue of food intake and address the emotional issues that underpin the disorder using a psychodynamic approach. Important ethical considerationsIt is important for therapists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, although starts out as a self defeating behaviour, it’s consequences lead to many serious medical conditions which can range from malnutrition, loss of concentration and loss of periods to total organ failure and death. Therefore a therapist should never aim to treat the condition alone, but any psychological intervention to treat the underlying causes should take place alongside appropriate medical care. Any therapists working with an anorexic client would always need written medical consent and specialist supervision and should be experienced in this field of work.However, members of the sufferers family and close friends may also benefit from therapy to address any stress, anxiety and guilt surrounding the issue and in the absence of any other contraindications, medical consent for this group would not be necessary. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will view the clients behaviour as being derived from some internal conflict, motive or unconscious force. Once it is discovered where this conflict began the therapist can set about working through those issues to a resolutio n. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 6 of 9Generally, it is believed that if behaviours are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then a relapse will occur. During my battle with Anorexia, I was hospitalised and fed to increase my body weight. I ate willingly and was quickly considered cured and discharged from the hospital. However, I had deliberately manipulated the situation with the view that the sooner I could ‘escape’ the quicker I could get back on with the job. Taking control, to bring back the feel good feelings and the sense of empowerment that meant even more to me after having been ‘overpowered’ in the hospital.Clearly this treatment was very ineffective. Later I sought help through a therapist who, using a psychodynamic approach, was able to take me back through the death of my friend and deal with the grief in an appropriate way. This eventually helped me to let go of controlling my food intake as a way of dealing with these suppressed emotions. Behavioural symptoms in the psychodynamic approach are viewed as expressions of the patient's underlying needs. Often issues can disappear or lie dormant with the completion of working through these issues.However, a psychodynamic approach to anorexia is not all encompassing. During the recovery process, anorexics will frequently suffer from feelings of panic as they learn to lessen their control. As weight is gained, they will feel anxious much of the time and suffer from low self esteem or perhaps even feel that they are a ‘bad' person and have to become a ‘people pleaser' to make up for it. Anorexics are very often perfectionists and can be very harsh on themselves. All these things combined can make the process of recovery a very stressful, anxious and self deprecating experience (My own experience).A cognitive behavioural therapy approach may best meet the needs of a client feeling this way. Anorexics are often not fully aware of the initial cause of the condition and therapy may be a way to Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 7 of 9 lift the lid off of buried emotions to enable sufferers to deal with their underlying emotions. During the grip of the disorder the over-riding emotion felt is fear and this fear over rides the body's natural wisdom around food and eating, the sufferer distrusts themselves and fears that their ‘secret greedy self' may emerge and they will lose control completely.The sufferer will hate their ‘secret greedy self' and cognitive behavioural therapy would be a valuable tool in rebuilding self trust, improving self esteem, and overcoming fear and anxiety that arises through the process of recovery. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a time-limited and focused approach that helps a person understand how their thinking and negative self-talk and self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT usually focuses on identifying and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, attitudes and beliefs that may perpetuate the sufferers restrictive eating.A researcher in the early 1980’s by the name of Chris Fairburn developed a specific model of CBT to help in the treatment of Anorexia, using the traditional foundations of CBT therapy – helping a person understand, identify and change their irrational thoughts (the ‘cognitive’ part) and helping a person make the changes real through specific behavioural interventions such as promoting healthy eating behaviours through rewards. (http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Strengths and weaknessesIt is clear to see that both approaches are somewhat lacking and a multi-model approach should be taken to ensure success. The psychodynamic model will uncover the initial cause of the behaviour and addressing these issues will go a long way toward a successful outcome. However, it does not address the subsequent negative thought processes that keep the sufferer a prisoner within the condition. This is something that a CBT approach can successfully address but a CBT approach could fail to prevent a relapse if the underlying reasons for the negative self talk are not uncovered.Both treatments together will hold more strength in long term success, but neither seeks to address nutritional issues, food related symptoms or deep seated behavioural rituals of the eating disorder. Jane Ovington – Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 8 of 9 Summary Anorexia although initially can be viewed as a self defeating behaviour, is a complicated and mulit-faceted field and I would expect a consistent and long course of therapy that may focus on a psychodynamic approach alongside person centred counselling, alongside cognitive behavioural therapy, alongside appropriate medical intervention.Hypnotherapy may also be used to improve sel f esteem, reduce stress and anxiety, coping with panic and confidence building to help the sufferer relax levels of control and resume a more healthy relationship with themselves. As the anorexic begins to regain trust in themselves and their body, they can begin to feel back in control of their emotions and thoughts, thus lessening their levels of anxiety and helping toward a successful recovery. Ultimately, the pace of therapy has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before any type of therapy can begin.References: I personally suffered from this disorder from the ages of 17-21 and some of the information used has been based on my own experiences and that of my Parents. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module 5) R. L Palmer – Anorexia Nervosa. A guide for sufferers and their families. Penguin Books 1980 (http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Jane Ovington  œ Chrysalis North2A – Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 9 of 9 any type of therapy can begin. has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before

The New Left: A Movement of Change

Jordan Hunter The New Left: A Movement of Change Some people have characterized the New Left as an era of youth revolts and radical movements. However, the New Left was a combination of everything that took place through the 1950’s to the mid 1970’s. It was an age that consisted of women and gays questioning their roles and rights in society to African Americans fighting to gain equal rights and ban segregation.Many people in the world today and back then would argue that there is no such thing as the New Left, but how could you not recognize something that changed history and the way the world viewed citizenship, equality, and human rights? I definitely believe that the New Left Movement existed and that all the people and organizations that Gosse categorized with this movement belong there. One of the major radical movements in the beginning of the New Left was African American’s fight to gain all the ideologies America said they were about.In the Declaration o f Independence it is stated that all people are â€Å"created equal† and have â€Å"inalienable rights†, so many people, especially of other races, questioned why they were not as equal as whites in society. African Americans were made to be completely separated from whites by society and the laws it had put in place by using public facilities, schools, businesses, and even transportation to make this happen. As the separation progressed many movements and protests began to arise in order to put an end to the discrimination and achieve equality.The Montgomery Bus Boycott was one of the many protests that took place during this radical movement. In this document Rosa Parks gives her account of how she refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white man and was arrested because of it. Refusing to give up her seat was just one of the small movements Parks did in order to show the world how unequal America had become, even over a simple seat on a bus. This movement also g ave African Americans the attitude of â€Å"Well, let’s fight it out-if it means going to jail then go to jail (4). As this attitude began to spread across the country, so did the rise of many important African American leaders. Perhaps, the most well known of these was Martin Luther King Jr. MLK was about gaining equality and human rights for African Americans, but doing so in a peaceful way; that’s why so many people admired him and what he preached. He led many campaigns throughout much of the 1960’s which began to slowly gain results. One of the major things MLK and his followers were campaigning for was a civil rights bill to be passed.Many walks, rallies, and protests were held in order to get then president, John F. Kennedy, to propose the bill and have it pass. In the year of 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama the climax of the civil rights campaign was reached, forcing JFK to commit to proposing a civil rights bill. However, because of how big and radical thi s campaign was, MLK was arrested and made to spend the night in a Birmingham jail. There he wrote a letter in response to an advertisement from white clergy asking him to shut down the campaign.In the letter, MLK explains why African Americans were campaigning for this and that they wouldn’t stop until they achieved what they had been working so diligently for (13). As a result of the campaign in Birmingham and the letter MLK had written, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The act banned public and private discrimination against African Americans and any other racial, ethnic or minority group. It also banned excluding someone from a job or a public accommodation because of the way they looked or where they were from and worshiped.This act changed many things for African Americans and other minorities’ lives, especially when it came to utilizing good jobs (16). Another major radical movement of the New Left was women’s fight to gain the same rights as men h ad in society. Many women had become fed up with the idea that their only place in life was to cook and clean and only worry about things like her looks and status in society. Most women in America were well educated and held very important jobs, granted they were in a man’s organization.One of women’s first steps to call attention to the growing movement was the publication of Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique. In Friedan’s book she discusses how society has given a step by step guide on how a woman should act, dress, and live her everyday life. She explores how womanhood has lost focus of the equality so many women had devoted their lives to achieving and why women couldn’t recognize that they weren’t being given the same fairness in choosing their lives as men were (12). After the publication of The Feminine Mystique many women soon began to question their roles in society.In the year of 1964, two women, Casey Hayden and Mary Kin g, started a collection of women’s thoughts on being excluded from any role of power other than running a household and catering to their families needs. The spread of women’s thoughts and arguments on every aspect of the growing debate soon began to spark the birth of many women’s rights groups (21). One of the most well known women’s rights groups was the National Organization for Women, otherwise known as NOW. NOW’s goal was to call attention to the fact that so many women had been living a dependent lifestyle for the past generation.They focused on how women could hold jobs on their own, provide for themselves, and have a choice in their sexuality, marriage, and reproduction. Women were beginning to understand that they were going to have to take matters into their own hands and fight for equality since â€Å"there is no civil rights movement to speak for women, as there has been for Negroes and other victims of discrimination. The National Or ganization for Women must therefore begin to speak†¦(23). † The growing debate over sexuality was also becoming a major radical movement during the New Left.Many people were beginning to discover their true nature, but were too afraid to let the public become aware of it for the fear of being excluded from society. However, in 1950 a man by the name of Harry Hay and other members created a â€Å" homophile† group called the Mattachine Society that concentrated on giving gays confidence in coming out and still being an important part of society. Their goal was to unify, educate, and lead people of the gay community and those who were heterosexual and did not fully understand the reason for the â€Å"homophile† group (1).As the growing rate of gays grew, so did their desire to participate in politics and have a powerful role in helping with the movement. America wasn’t fully comfortable with this want, because they had the idea that gays were not fully capable of doing the same job as a heterosexual person involved in politics. Many others didn’t want to see a civil rights act be passed for gays because they believed they should be kept separate from society simply because they were different.Due to this growing attitude of American citizens, the GAA, Gay Activists Alliance, was created that made gays a force in liberal politics nationwide. The group was open to anyone, gay or heterosexual, and focused on the liberation of gay rights (38). The road to gaining equality for gays was very long and took a great deal of time to achieve. Martha Shelly’s speech at the Women’s Strike for Equality rally was a major stepping stone that achieved the rights that gays had been fighting so long for.At the rally, Shelly talks about how one should not be afraid to come out because it may make heterosexuals feel uncomfortable. Shelly urges all gays to be comfortable in their own skin and be proud of who they are; and for all h eterosexuals to wake up and realize that gays do exist and that they should just accept that they do (35). Although I have argued that majority of the groups that were considered to be a part of the New Left definitely do have a right to be recognized as part of the movement, there are some that I do believe have no purpose of defining the New Left.During this movement, so many groups expressed their desire for fighting for equality and freedom, but doing so in a non violent matter. One example of a group that did not act in a non violent manner that helps prove my argument was the student protestors at Kent State University in Ohio (41). This group of students were protesting the Vietnam war, but ended up bombing the ROTC building because it had to do with the army and their goal was to do away with the Vietnam War and anything that had to do with it.However, the bombing only created more violence which went completely against what America was against. Another group that went compl etely against what the New Left was about was the creation of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (22). The purpose of this party was to carry around weapons and roam the streets in groups to appear violent in hopes that it would scare the white society and politics into giving them the equality they were seeking.Malcolm X was a strong advocator for this party and for promoting the attitude that all â€Å"true revolutions are violent (15). † All of this violence was completely opposite of the way MLK and other African American activist groups had been protesting and fighting. Other groups of people that believed violence was the answer to getting what they wanted had no place in being part of the New Left simply because the New Left was all about seeking change in non violent ways and never having to resort to that manner to get what everyone was wanting, equality and freedom.The new Left was made up of several different types of groups, people, leaders, protests, rallie s, and movements; but they all had one thing in common, which was the want and need of equality and human rights. The New Left was all about seeking change and I believe that everyone and everything that did belong as part of the New Left achieved just that in memorable and just ways.

Magnolia Therapeutic Case Study Essays - Abnormal Psychology

Magnolia Therapeutic Case Study Essays - Abnormal Psychology Magnolia Therapeutic Case Study Magnolia Therapeutic Case Study Magnolia Therapeutic Solutions, a well-known nonprofit organization in New York City, provides psychotherapy for clients who have been through a traumatic experience and are diagnosed with Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder (PTSD). Because of the high demand for the services, and the generous amounts of grant money the organization grew quickly. When the tragedy of 911 happened the city of New York requested Magnolia to deliver services to the victims of the tragedy and in return a large one-year grant was provided to the organization. While preparing the budget for 2002 the founder of the organization, Mary Stewart, believed the grant received from the city of New York in 2001 would be renewed. Mary also expected the development department to raise more grant money than previous years. In the end the organization was $500,000 short in the 2002 budget resulting in the necessary layoff of one-third of the staff. The organization ultimately became stagnant over the few years following th e shortfall and layoff of the staff. My Decision versus the Boards Decision The board of directors for the organization decided to approve the budget. The decision was based on the financials and budget from 2001. I would have decided to do the complete opposite. I would have come to the decision to reject the budget Mary was anticipating money she was not promised or even sure would materialize. Mary just took for granted that the city of New York was going to renew the 2001 grant, and this did not happen. It would have been more feasible for Mary to create a budget not to include the grant money from the city that was given in 2001 because the money had not already been granted. Causes of the Problem One cause of the problem is that Mary created the budget to include the money that was granted to the organization from the city in 2001. However, that money was granted for one year so Magnolia could meet capacity issues that resulted in increased demand for services after the 911 terrorist attacks in NYC. Because it was granted for only one year it should not have been automatically assumed that the city would renew it. Another problem is the growing demand for psychotherapy for individuals with PTSD. The population diagnosed with PTSD is growing and the treatment for this particular diagnosis can be lengthy. The 911 terrorist attacks left many people depressed, sad, and in shock. These are symptoms of PTSD and issues hard to deal with. Unfortunately, this is not a problem that can be handled differently. It is not a problem that could have been predicted nor can it be predicted if it will ever happen again. Differences between a Nonprofit and a For-Profit Organization?s Inability to Thrive Nonprofit and for-profit organizations acquire revenue differently in that nonprofit organizations rely on grants and donations. For-profit organizations rely on income generated for services rendered therefore they tend to charge steeper prices for services. Nonprofit organizations accrue expenses with the understanding that the revenue made from grants and donations is the only funding available to settle the expenses. For-profit organizations accrue expenses knowing the revenue generated from service income is the funding available to settle expenses and if higher expenses are generated, prices for services can be increased to generate more income. Often times, however, increasing the prices causes clients to venture elsewhere for services causing and inability for the for-profit to thrive. Magnolia?s Deficit in Terms of Risk Management ?Risk management is concerned with protecting the financial, human, and other resources of a human service agency and providing products and services in a responsible fashion? (Martin, 2001, p. 187). In creating a budget for 2002 using the expectation that NYC was going to renew the grant given in 2001 showed Magnolia with a deficit in protecting the financial resources as well as the human resources. The shortfall the organization suffered because of the grant from the city not being renewed, ?Mary was forced to lay off one third of the staff? (University of Phoenix, para. 5). If the budget had been created realistically without the expectation of the grant they could have prepared for the monetary difference and adjusted accordingly preparing for

Sample Formal Graduation Announcement

Sample Formal Graduation Announcement Wording your graduation announcement can seem like a minor challenge, but its also a task that can take up a lot of your (very precious) time. Going with formal, traditional language is one way to ensure your announcement accurately represents the importance and value of all of your hard work. Before writing your formal graduation announcement, its important to review some basic rules of etiquette for any kind of graduation announcement, formal or otherwise. Rules for Graduation Announcements The first thing to decide before  writing your announcement  is whom to invite, or whether you intend to invite anyone.  Unlike high school graduation, not everyone is going to attend the commencement ceremony or expect a party.  It is not uncommon for college graduates to omit the date and location of the graduation  from the announcement.   This may seem odd, but in this case, the announcement is just that: an announcement of your achievement. If you do intend to invite guests to the graduation ceremony, youll need to include a few vital pieces of information: The salutation or greetingYour nameThe college or universityThe degree youve earnedThe commencement ceremony (or party) date and timeThe location of the ceremony or party In a formal graduation announcement, the salutation takes on a very specific, formal tone, usually mentioning the president of the college or university, the faculty, and the graduating class as the parties that are actually inviting guests to attend. These three parties are, in essence, hosting the event and extending a formal invitation to your guests on your behalf. Sample Graduation Announcement Once youve gathered the necessary information- always ensure that you know how the spell the college presidents name, for example- including the location, time, and date, you are ready to write your formal graduation announcement. The information below represents a sample formal announcement. You can replace the information in parentheses with the details that are specific to you. Additionally, center the text in your announcement. The President, Faculty, and Graduating Classof(XX College or University)Proudly Announce the Graduation of(Your full name, including your middle name)on(The day, the date- spelled out- and the month)(The Year, spelled out)with a(Your degree) in(The subject in which you are obtaining your degree)(The location)(The city and state)(The time) Note that in a formal graduation announcement, you would never say something like, I would like to invite.  Since you are a member of the graduating class, you are of course included in the groups that are hosting the event, but you should not single yourself out in extending the invitation. The Final Product It can be helpful to see what a formal graduation announcement would look like. Feel free to use the format and wording below. Simply replace the name of the college, graduate, degree, and other details with the correct information. The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class                                                  of                                    Hope College            Proudly Announce the Graduation of                        Oscar James Meyerson                 Sunday, the Nineteenth of May                    Two Thousand Eighteen                                          with a                  Bachelor of Arts Degree in                        Sports Management                  Holland Municipal Stadium                        Holland, Michigan                             2:00 oclock p.m. Centering the text and spelling out information that is usually abbreviated- such as the type of degree, date, and time- give the announcement an elegant, formal appeal. Use this format and youll be sure to impress your guests not just with your achievement, but also with the way you are inviting them to celebrate it with you.

Mary Cassatt the Notable American Artist Assignment

Mary Cassatt the Notable American Artist - Assignment Example The paper "Mary Cassatt the Notable American Artist" analyzes the artworks of Mary Cassatt. The image in Figure 1 is Cassatt’s painting of her Miss Mary Ellison and in the image she demonstrates the use of color to bring out the calm mood of a strong woman. According to the National Art Gallery, Degas also introduced Cassatt in the asymmetrical styles employed by Japanese artists and the use of bright colors. The use of bright colors according to Web Museum demonstrated a mood of gentleness that served to brighten by her constant use of the â€Å"golden lighting.† These aspects worked in harmony with the family and children which was the dominant theme in most of her works as demonstrated in figure 2. Cassatt was always a quick learner who learnt the basics about a particular style in art and instead of reproducing the same pieces; she would always ensure that she employed her innovativeness to come up with impressive masterpieces. The best example is her portrayal of t he techniques she learnt from Japanese art for instance asymmetry and wood block print. She was able to mould these techniques in such a way that they fit so perfectly within her own impressionsim themes. I look at one of the works of Cassatt, â€Å"The Little Girl in Blue Armchair† in order to relate it with its historical context, to establish the impact it had during the historical context, and the importance of the piece in contemporary art. The painting of the Little Girl in Blue Armchair was done in 1878 and it painted in an oil canvas.

U3 Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U3 Discussion - Coursework Example One can include or remove numerous group members, define various characteristics, configure exchange attributes and do bulk import from a CSV file at a single case. To comprehend the essential standards of access control, it is important to see how the accompanying terms are characterized in the setting of the right to gain entrance control model for Windows XP Professional. Each record is issued a SID when it is made. Access control instruments in Windows XP Professional recognize security principals by SID as opposed to by name. Data that depicts a specific security centrals character and abilities on a machine. In Windows XP Professional, all clients in an association exist in a particular security connection that is reclassified each time they log on. The security subsystem utilizes the security setting to figure out what a methodology and its strings of execution can do to protests on the machine, and who will be considered responsible for what they have done. An information structure containing the SID for a security vital, Sides for the gatherings that the security primary fits in with, and a rundown of the security chiefs rights on the nearby machine. A right to gain entrance token is made for each security central that logs on provincially at the machine or remotely through a system association. Each one procedure has an essential access token that it inherits naturally from its making methodology. The right to gain entrance token gives a security connection to the security centrals activities on the machine. It additionally gives a security setting to any application strings that follow up for the security chiefs benefit. Amasses that can be utilized to arrange clients and space objects, along these lines streamlining organization. Security gatherings permit you to allot the same security consents to substantial quantities of clients, for example, workers in a

Global strategy MBA market in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global strategy MBA market in UK - Essay Example This report is a business plan for setting up the proposed business school, International Business School. The main purpose of the business plan is to put forward the business idea in a detailed manner in order to communicate the business opportunity to the potential investors.There is a great demand for highly qualified management students in today’s competitive corporate world. Even though there are numerous management schools around the globe only very few of them are capable of producing job ready candidates. A business plan is a written statement that describes and analyses the business concept and explains in detail the future projections (McKeever, 2008). Recipients The recipients of the business plan are the potential investors of the company who can be national and private banks, venture capitals, private organizations or businesses willing to invest, companies who will benefit from the talent pool (Management students) and other prospective investors (shareholders mo del). International Business School Overview There is a great demand for highly qualified management students in today’s competitive corporate world. Even though there are numerous management schools around the globe only very few of them are capable of producing job ready candidates. That is, there is a vacuum in required skills of the graduating candidates and that required by the industry. Companies indulge in various training and orientation programs after hiring the candidates to fill in this vacuum. This is highly visible in third world countries and emerging markets. It is to fulfill this need for highly qualified, industry ready management students that the International Business School (IBS) is proposed. IBS will be initially set up at Charing Cross in central London, UK. The school will then expand to two other countries, Nigeria and Thailand. To start with all the major operations of the school will completely be in UK, and only study centers and admission offices will be opened in Nigeria and Thailand. Masters in Business Management is the primary product IBS. IBS will impart not just theoretical knowledge to its students but will primarily aim at giving them practical experience and exposure to real world scenarios. Unlike many management schools, the main purpose here is not to produce students with high marks and certificates. IBS will be established with the view that marks and certificates can get students well paid jobs but it is the innovativeness, creativeness, ability to think out of the box and make crucial decisions that will help them to keep and grow in the careers. IBS will try to impart the above mentioned characteristics and attitudes into its students. It will not just give them any opportunity to succeed but will teach them to create their own opportunities. The main purpose of education at IBS is not just to prepare students for a challenging job but to prepare them to face the challenges of life. In doing so, the school w ill succeed in both, filling in the vacuum between the graduating candidates and job ready employees, and produce highly qualified and competent individuals who can make a positive contribution to the society. Vision Statement To impart in its students theoretical and practical knowledge along with skills and attributes that will help them to succeed in both their professional and personal. As a result of the above, IBS will present the world with highly talented and responsible individuals who will make a positive contribution to the society as a whole. Market Analysis Market analysis is an essential part of a business plan. Market analysis

Cognitive Approaches to Language and Grammar

Cognitive Approaches to Language and Grammar 1. Introduction of This Section Cognitive grammar is a cognitive approach to language developed by Ronald Langacker, which considers the basic units of language to be symbols or conventional pairings of a semantic structure with a phonological label. Grammar consists of constraints on how these units can be combined to generate larger phrases which are also a pairing of semantics and phonology. The semantic aspects are modeled as image schemas rather than propositions, and because of the tight binding with the label, each can invoke the other. Cognitive Grammar belongs to the wider movement known as cognitive linguistics, which in turn is part of the functional tradition. Besides cognitive grammar, important strands of cognitive linguistics include construction grammar, metaphor theory, the study of blends and mental spaces, and various efforts to develop a conceptualist semantics. Among other major components of functionalism are discourse-pragmatic analyses, the study of grammaticalization, and universal-typological investigation via crosslinguistic surveys. Naturally, terms like cognitive linguistics and functionalism are fluid in reference and subsume a diverse array of views. There is at best a broad compatibility of outlook among the scholars concerned, certainly not theoretical uniformity. Cognitive Linguistics grew out of the work of a number of researchers active in the 1970s who were interested in the relation of language and mind, and who did not follow the prevailing tendency to explain linguistic patterns by means of appeals to structural properties internal to and specific to language. Rather than attempting to segregate syntax from the rest of language in a syntactic component governed by a set of principles and elements specific to that component. The principal focus of functional linguistics is on explanatory principles that derive from language as a communicative system, whether or not these directly relate to the structure of the mind. Functional linguistics developed into discourse-functional linguistics and functional-typological linguistics, with slightly different foci, but broadly similar in aims to cognitive linguistics. Language is traditionally considered to open the gate into the world around us. However, language is viewed by cognitive linguistics as the product of cognition as well as a means of cognition, a means that helps reveal human beings mental world and secrets of cognitive processes. Language structure is the product of our interaction with the world around us. The way we build discourses and develop linguistic categories can immediately be derived from the way we experience our environment and use that experience in speciesspecific communication (Heine, 1997) . As its name implies, Cognitive Grammar is first and foremost a theory of grammar. Rather surprising, therefore, are statements to the effect that Langacker doesnt believe in grammar- everything is semantics. Rest assured that cognitive grammar neither threatens nor denies the existence of grammar. Grammar exists. The issue is rather the natureof grammar and its relation to other dimensions of linguistic structure. 1.1. What is Cognitive Grammar? Cognitive Grammar belongs to the wider movement known as cognitive linguistics, which in turn is part of the functional tradition. Besides Cognitive Grammar, important strands of cognitive linguistics include construction grammar, metaphor theory, the study of blends and mental spaces, and various efforts to develop a conceptualist semantics. Naturally, terms like cognitive linguistics and functionalism are fluid in reference and subsume a diverse array of views (Langacker, 2008). 1.2. What is about Cognitive Grammar in general? Language is part of cognition and that linguistic investigation contributes to understanding the human mind-that much is shared by many approaches, both formal and functional. Within functionalism, cognitive linguistics stands out by emphasizing the semiological function of language. It fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction, but insists that even its interactive function is critically dependent on conceptualization. In this part, Ive considered cognitive grammar as an approach to explain the phenomena of languages. As for cognitive grammar in particular, care is taken to invoke only well-established or easily demonstrated mental abilities that are not exclusive to language. We are able, for example, to focus and shift attention, to track a moving object, to form and manipulate images, to compare two experiences, to establish correspondences, to combine simple elements into complex structures, to view a scene from different perspectives, to conceptualize a situation at varying levels of abstraction, and so on. Can general abilities like these fully account for the acquisition and the universal properties of language? Or are specifi c blueprints for language wired in and genetically transmitted? Cognitive Grammar does not prejudge this issue. We are evidently born to speak, so it is not precluded that language might emerge owing to substantial innate specification peculiar to it. But if our genetic endowment does make special provisions for language, they are likely to reside in adaptations of mo re basic cognitive phenomena, rather than being separate and sui generis. They would be analogous in this respect to the physical organs of speech. 2. Some reasons for selecting cognitive grammar to explain the phenomena of languages 2.1. Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics 2.1.1. What is Cognitive linguistics? Cognitive Linguistics is a new approach to the study of language which views linguistic knowledge as part of general cognition and thinking; linguistic behaviour is not separated from other general cognitive abilities which allow mental processes of reasoning, memory, attention or learning, but understood as an integral part of it. 2.1.2. The relationship between Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics Idea from Cognitive Grammar now widely held in Cognitive linguistics. And Cognitive linguistics, provide good evidence that doing linguistics from a cognitive perspective leads to rich insights into many linguistics phenomena, ranging from studies in phonology, to those in semantics pragmatics, and psychological aspects of language use. In addition, language and culture are inseparable. Language is part of a certain culture, therefore acquiring a language, being a member of a language community, inevitably means absorbing certain cultural aspects of that community. Culture and the lifestyle of the community where one grows up influence their habits and world views and it was these factors that have decided awareness of the language of each individual, from which formed the phenomena of languages. Cognitive Linguistics, recognizing the mutual influence between cognition and language, naturally accords these crucial aspects of human life, and thereby cognition, their share of reciprocity with language. According toBielack and Pawlak (2013) suggested that in cognitive linguistics and cognitive grammar the relationship between language and cognition is considered to be dialectic; not only does human cognitive functioning tell us something about the language faculty, but also our insight into language provides important clues to understanding cognitive processes. Although this claim is reminiscent of the formalist understanding of the term cognitive as used with reference to language study, in cognitive linguistics this term is, as has just been explained by referring to the formative linguistic role of cognitive processes, understood much more broadly. In brief, cognitive grammar represents a specific practical and theoretical approach to language within the broader discipline of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguists view all forms of language as rooted in the same basic cognitive mechanisms involved in other areas of experience in our wider encounters with the world. For cognitive linguists, language is embodied; it is grounded in our physical, bodily experiences as human beings. Furthermore, this embodied experience has an important social and cultural dimension. Cognitive linguists recognise the specific uses to which language is put within a sociological context, and their role in shaping the linguistic system. 2.2. The status of linguistic cognition For a cognitive linguist, linguistic cognition simply is cognition; it is an inextricable phenomenon of overall human cognition. Linguistic cognition has no special or separate status apart from any other cognition. This means that we expect patterns of cognition observed by psychologists, neurobiologists and the like to be reflected in language. Furthermore, the various phenomena of language are not cognitively distinct one from another. Although it is often useful and convenient for linguists to talk about various levels or modules of language, these distinctions are perceived by cognitive linguists to be somewhat artificial. The truth is that all the parts of language are in constant communication, and indeed are really not parts at all; they are a unified phenomenon operating in unison with the greater phenomena of general consciousness and cognition. Linguists have frequently observed that the borders between traditional linguistic phenomena can be crossed. Phonology, for exampl e, can be affected by morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics; and syntax has likewise been shown to be vulnerable to the workings of phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. The fact that these items are not pristinely discrete is perhaps not news, but for a cognitive linguist this type of evidence is expected, pursued, and focused on rather than being relegated to the status of something marginal and unimportant. 2.3. The status of meaning All the various phenomena of language are interwoven with each other as well as with all of cognition because they are all motivated by the same force: the drive to make sense of our world. Making sense of what we experience entails not just understanding, but an ability to express that understanding, and indeed these two projects inform each other: our experience is formative to expression, but it is also the case that our expressive resources have some influence on how we perceive our experiences. Of course language does most of the heavy lifting (and the finer handiwork) in this job of expression that is so important to cognition. All phenomena of language are mobilized for this task, and all are therefore driven by the need to express meaning. Meaning underwrites the existence of all linguistic units and phenomena, none of which are semantically empty. Meaning is therefore not tidily contained in the lexicon, but ranges all through the linguistic spectrum, because meaning is the very energy that propels the motor of language. Grammar is an abstract meaning structure that interacts with the more concrete meanings of lexicon. Grammar and lexicon are not two discrete types of meaning, but rather the extreme ends of a spectrum of meaning containing transitional or hybrid types (functor words like prepositions and conjunctions are examples of hybrids that carry both lexical and grammatical semantic freight). From the supra- and segmental features of phonology through morphology, syntax, and discourse pragmatics, all of language shares the task of expressing meaning. This includes even idioms and dead metaphors, which remain motivated within the system of a given language, and whose motivation can be made explicit. 2.4. The conceptualist view of meaning From a cognitive linguistic perspective, the answer is evident: meanings are in the minds of the speakers who produce and understand the expressions. It is hard to imagine where else they might be. A conceptualist view of meaning is not as self-evident as it might first seem and has to be properly interpreted. The platonicview treats language as an abstract, disembodied entity that cannot be localized. Like the objects and laws of mathematics (e.g. the geometric ideal of a circle), linguistic meanings are seen as transcendent, existing independently of minds and human endeavor. And more reasonable is the interactivealternative, which does take people into account but claims that an individual mind is not the right place to look for meanings. Instead, meanings are seen as emerging dynamically in discourse and social interaction. Rather than being fixed and predetermined, they are actively negotiated by interlocutors on the basis of the physical, linguistic, social, and cultural contex t. Meaningis not localized but distributed, aspects of it inhering in the speech community, in the pragmatic circumstances of the speech event, and in the surrounding world. 2.5. Foundation of meanings A considerable progress is that meanings are being made in cognitive linguistics,in the broader context of cognitive science. Conceptualization resides in cognitive processing. Having a certain mental experience resides in the occurrence of a certain kind of neurological activity. Cognitive grammar embodies a coherent and plausible view of conceptualization, allowing a principled basis for characterizing many facets of semantic and grammatical structure. Meaning is equated with conceptualization. Linguistic semantics must therefore attempt the structural analysis and explicit description of abstract entities like thoughts and concepts. The term conceptualization is interpreted quite broadly: it encompasses novel conceptions as well as fixed concepts; sensory, kinesthetic, and emotive experience; recognition of the immediate context (social, physical, and linguistic); and so on. Because conceptualization resides in cognitive processing, our ultimate objective must be to characterize the types of cognitive events whose occurrence constitutes a given mental experience. Cognitive semantics has focused on the former, which is obviously more accessible and amenable to investigation via linguistic evidence. Cognitive semantics claims that meaning is based on mental imagery and conceptualizations of reality which do not objectively correspond to it but reflect a characteristic human way of understanding. Thus, one of the basic axioms of cognitive semantics is that linguistic meaning originates in the human interpretation of reality. It is part of the cognitive linguistics movement. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. Cognitive semantics holds that language is part of a more general human cognitive ability, and can therefore only describe the world as people conceive it.It is implicit that there is some difference between this conceptual world and the real world. An imaginative phenomena prove essential to conceptualization and linguistic meaning. A primary means of enhancing and even constructing our mental world is metaphor, where basic organizational features of one conceptual domain usually more directly grounded in bodily experience are projected onto another. In (4), aspects of the source domain, pertaining to the manipulation of physical objects, are projected metaphorically onto the target domainof understanding and communicating ideas. (Riemer, 1972) (4) (a) I couldnt grasp what she was saying. (b) We were tossing some ideas around. (c) The message went right over his head. (d) He didnt catch my drift. A linguistically appropriate characterization of meaning should accommodate such differences. Cognitive grammar defines the meaning of a composite expression as including not only the semantic structure that represents its composite sense, but also its compositional path: the hierarchy of semantic structures reflecting its progressive assembly from the meanings of component expressions. For example, that the composite semantic values of pork and pig meat are identical. As an unanalyzable morpheme, pork symbolizes this notion directly, so its compositional path consists of the single semantic structure [PORK]. However pig meat is analyzable, that is, speakers recognize the semantic contribution of its component morphemes. The meaning of pig meut therefore incorporates not only the composite structure [PORK], but also the individually symbolized components [PIG] and [MEAT] together with the relationship that each of them bears to the composite value. The two expressions arrive at the s ame composite value through different compositional paths (a degenerate path in the case of pork), with the consequence that they differ in meaning. 2.6. Metaphor and metonymy and semantic domains in cognitive grammar The example discussed in this section returns to an issue raised earlier (section 2) and demonstrates that sameness versus difference of semantic domain should not be taken as the basis on which to distinguish metaphors from metonymies. Slap in (17) can be paraphrased as make move by slapping, which reveals its nature as a metonymic extension from the verbs basic meaning to the result of the verbal action: (Raymond W. Gibbs Steen, 1997) (17) Louise is coming to-night to see me slap the masked fellow to the dust. (OED slap 1b. vt. 1889 drive back, beat down, knock to the ground, etc. with a slap.) Slap here is analyzed as x make y move by slapping, but it is unlikely that a slap, or even a series of slaps, in the sense of a blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with something having a flat surface (OED slap sb.) would be enough to achieve this result: in order to knock someone to the ground a more forceful type of P/I with a more rigid impactor than the hand, which is jointed and thus weakened at the wrist, would be necessary (except in the case of an exceptionally strong agent and an exceptionally weak patient). There is thus a mismatch between the inherent semantics of the verb slap and the context in which it appears. One way to describe this situation would be as understatement: slap in (17) plays down the effort needed to overcome the opponent. I propose that the understating effect of (17) derives from its nature as a metaphorical application of the initial metonymic extension. The physical actions needed to bring down the masked fellow presumably a whole repertoi re of aggressive moves taking place in the context of a struggle are represented as equivalent to a different class of physical actions, slapping. The effect of this metaphor is to treat the metaphorical target (the actions that do in fact take place) in a way that makes it seem minor and inconsequential. The present meaning of slap can therefore be derived through a two-step process. First, slap is extended metonymically from its root meaning to the meaning make move by slapping; secondly, this newly created meaning is applied in a metaphorical fashion to a situation which does not actually involve any slapping, but which is imagined as doing so in order to conceive of the event in a certain perspective (i.e. as unstrenuous and trivial). The fact that both the action really needed to down the opponent and the action of slapping are in the same general semantic domain of contact through impact or some such is not relevant and certainly does not make (17) an example of metonymy, as it would for those analysts who define m etonymy as intra-domain meaning extension. (17) counts as a metaphor (a metaphorical application of the initial metonymic extension to make move by slapping) because it uses one class of events as a conceptual model for another class, thereby imposing a particular understanding of the second class. The fact that both target and vehicle of the metaphor share the same general semantic domain issues not in a classification of the figure as metonymic, but simply as an understatement. Metaphor is an interesting linguistic phenomenon which has attracted the attention of many linguists. Metaphor has traditionally been viewed as one of the figures of speech, a rhetorical device, or a stylistic device used in literature to achieve an aesthetic effect. Metaphor in the light of cognitive linguistics is not only used in poems and prose but also in daily life language. In short, metaphor in cognitive linguistics is considered not merely a means of communication but also a means of cognition, reflecting the mechanism by which people understand and explain about the real world. In short, the meaningfulness of grammar becomes apparent only with an appropriate view of linguistic meaning. In cognitive semantics, meaning is identified as the conceptualization associated with linguistic expressions. This may seem obvious, but in fact it runs counter to standard doctrine. A conceptual view of meaning is usually rejected either as being insular entailing isolation from the world as well as from other minds or else as being nonempirical and unscientific. These objections are unfounded. Though it is a mental phenomenon, conceptualization is grounded in physical reality: it consists in activity of the brain, which functions as an integral part of the body, which functions as an integral part of the world. Linguistic meanings are also grounded in social interaction, being negotiated by interlocutors based on mutual assessment of their knowledge, thoughts, and intentions. As a target of analysis, conceptualization is elusive and challenging, but it is not mysterious or beyond the scope of scientific inquiry. Cognitive semantics provides an array of tools allowing precise, explicit descriptions for essential aspects of conceptual structure. These descriptions are based on linguistic evidence and potentially subject to empirical verification. Analyzing language from this perspective leads to remarkable conclusions about linguistic meaning and human cognition. Remarkable, first, is the extent to which an expressions meaning depends on factors other than the situation described. On the one hand, it presupposes an elaborate conceptual substrate, including such matters as background knowledge and apprehension of the physical, social, and linguistic context. On the other hand, an expression imposes a particular construal, reflecting just one of the countless ways of conceiving and portraying the situation in question. Also remarkable is the extent to which imaginative abilities come into play. Phenomena like metaphor (e.g. vacant star) and reference to virtual entities (e.g. any cat) are pervasive, even in prosaic discussions of actual circumstances. Finally, these phenomena exemplify the diverse array of mental constructions that help us deal with and in large measure constitute the world we live in and talk about. It is a world of extraordinary richness, extending far beyond the physical reality it is grounded in. Conceptual semantic description is thus a major source of insight about our mental world and its construction. Grammatical meanings prove especially revealing in this respect. Since they tend to be abstract, their essential import residing in construal, they offer a direct avenue of approach to this fundamental aspect of semantic organization. Perhaps surprisingly given its stereotype as being dry, dull, and purely formal grammar relies extensively on imaginative phenomena and mental constructions. Also, the historical evolution of grammatical elements yields important clues about the meanings of their lexical sources and semantic structure more generally. The picture that emerges belies the prevailing view of grammar as an autonomous formal system. Not only is it meaningful, it also refl ects our basic experience of moving, perceiving, and acting on the world. At the core of grammatical meanings are mental operations inherent in these elemental components of moment-to-moment living. When properly analyzed, therefore, grammar has much to tell us about both meaning and cognition. It fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction, but insists that even its interactive function is critically dependent on conceptualization. Compared with formal approaches, cognitive linguistics stands out by resisting the imposition of boundaries between language and other psychological phenomena. 3. Conclusion In a nutshell, as their names suggest , cognitive linguistics and Cognitive Grammar view language as an integral part of cognition. Conceptualization is seen (without inconsistency) as being both physically grounded and pervasively imaginative, both individual and fundamentally social. Being conceptual in nature, linguistic meaning shares these properties. It fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction, but insists that even its interactive function is critically dependent on conceptualization. Compared with formal approaches, cognitive linguistics stands out by resisting the imposition of boundaries between language and other psychological phenomena. Grammatical meanings are schematic. At the extreme, they are nothing more than cognitive abilities applicable to any content. The more schematic these meanings are, the harder it is to study them, but also the more rewarding. Grammatical analysis proves, in fact, to be an essential tool for conceptual analysis. In grammar, which abstracts away from the details of particular expressions, we see more clearly the mental operations immanent in their conceptual content. These often amount to simulations of basic aspects of everyday experience: processing activity inherent in conceptual archetypes is disengaged from them and extended to a broad range of other circumstances. In this respect, grammar reflects an essential feature of human cognition. References Bielack, J., Pawlak, M. (2013). Applying Cognitive Grammar in the Foreign Language Classroom. Heine, B. (1997). Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Raymond W. Gibbs, J., Steen, G. J. (1997). Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Riemer, N. (1972). Cognitive Linguistics Research: The Semantics of Polysemy